Monday, 20 August 2018

Lakota Culture Of Heyoka And Sun Dance

By Angela Fisher


While there are many cultural aspects with regard to Native American tribes, most differ in comparison. The lakota culture hosts a number of interesting ceremonies and figures not found in other tribes. One such figure is that of Heyoka, a sacred clown which is associated with the lakota people of North America.

While this is the case, a lesser known cultural aspect of the tribe is that of a Heyoka. The Heyoka is often defined as a satirist, contrarian and jester whom moves in opposition to those in present surroundings. As only those whom have experienced visions of thunder beings can be recognized, these figures are often held in high regard.

One of the most well known Native American rituals associated with the Lakota tribe is that of the Sun Dance ceremony. Practiced by a number of Indigenous tribes of Canada and North America, the ritual involves a gathering in which the tribes come together to pray for healing. Whereas, there are also other ceremonies which include tribal reunions and prayer held at pow wows on an ongoing basis which do not require an aspect of sacrifice.

Sun Dance, one of many ceremonies prohibited by the Canadian and United States governments was aimed at suppressing Indigenous cultures from practicing Sun Dance and other ceremonies. Canada eventually lifted prohibition against Sun Dance, speaking native languages and other Indigenous practices. Unlike Canada, Indigenous tribes in the United States continued to ban the speaking of Native American languages and the practice of Sun Dance and other cultural activities until the late 1970s.

In 1978, Congress voted to pass the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA.). In doing so, the tribes gained protection related to civil liberties and the preservation of cultural and religious rights associated with Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, Aleuts and Eskimos. As such, Sun Dance and other ceremonies and rituals were once again allowed to take place in the United States.

The practice known as Sun Dance is considered a test of spiritual and physical endurance. In most cases, young male tribal members dance around a pole to which a member is attached by thongs and experience a piercing of chest skin. While not all include piercing, the purpose is to offer a ritual sacrifice to family and community. As such, dancers are often known to fast in all types of weather conditions for several days leading up to the ceremony.

As the ritual is considered a sacred ceremony, most tribal members are hesitant to discuss the event in detail. In fact, given the long period of misappropriation, many tribes are concerned that outsiders will abuse these and other rituals. As such, the words spoken during ceremonies and rituals are often the native language of tribe.

As a method of assuring that Indigenous people would enjoy the same freedom and privacy as others, the Lakota tribe unanimously voted to pass a declaration of war related to the exploitation of Lakota spirituality at the Lakota Summit V. After which, outsiders caught practicing or exploiting aspects of the Lakota tribe could be prosecuted in a local tribunal. As with other courts, penalties were based on the extent of the exploitation.




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